kphn-ti-j-am-Ip¶ k\m-X-\X ktµ-i-hp-ambn A.D. 52þ C´-y-bn h¶ tXm½m-Çolm A.D. 63 -þ Xncp-hn-Xmw-tImSv tZhm-ebw Øm]n-¨p. Cu tZhm-ebw Ccp-]Xp \qäm-­p-IÄ ]n¶n«p AXnsâ X\n-abpw ]pcm-X-\-X-zhpw \ne-\nÀ¯n-sIm­v Hcp Ncn{X kvamc-I-ambn C¶pw \ne-\n¡p-¶p. I\-ym-Ip-amcn apX ImkÀtKmUv hsc-bpÅ `mK¯n\v tNc\mSv F¶m-bn-cp¶p BZ-y-Im-e-\m-aw. Cu {]tZ-i¯v hn. tXm½m-Çolm Gg-c¸-Ån-IÄ Øm]n¨p F¶ Ncn{Xw km£n-¡p-¶p. sImSp-§-Ãq-cn\p kao-]-apÅ ame-n b¦-Ic Nmh-¡mSv ASp-¯pÅ ]mebqÀ hS-¡³ ]d-hqÀ ASp-¯pÅ tKm¡-aw-Kew, \nc-Ww, Icn-t¡mWn ]Ip-Xn-bn-epÅ sImÃw, X¦-tÈcn \ne-bv¡Â AYhm Nmb F¶o-Ø-e-§-fnepw Çolm Ipcn-ip-IÄ Øm]n-¨p. Ac-¸Ån sb¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶ Xncp-hn-Xmw-tImSv ]Ån ]qÀ®-amb Hcp ]Ån-bm-bn-«mWv Øm]n-¨-Xv.

hmkvXq-Ie :

        5.5 ASn \ofhpw 18 ASn hoXn-bp-apÅ ]Ån HcSn AIe-apÅ Icn¦Â `n¯n-I-fm \nÀ½n-X-am-Wv. AI¯p ImWp¶ Icn¦Â XqWp-IÄ¡v c­Sn hoXnbpw 8 ASn Db-chpw D­v. CXnsâ ta¡q-cbpw Icn-¦Â ]mfn-IÄ sIm­p Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p \nÀan-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.
        tZhm-e-b-¯nsâ ap³hm-Xn-en\v 5.5 ASn Db-chpw 2.5 ASn hoXnbpw D­v. CXn\p apI-fn hnip² IpÀºm-\bv¡p D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ A¸hpw Imkm-bpsS cq]hpw, AXn-\n-cp-h-i-§-fnepw ssIIÄ aeÀ¯n {]mÀ°n-¡p¶ c­p amem-J-am-cpw, ]dp-Zo-k-bpsS cq]-apÅ Nn{X-§fpw Icn-¦-Ãn sIm¯n-h-¨n-äp-­v.
        t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-ImÀ kw`m-h\ \ÂInb {]mÀ°\m ]oThpw [q]-¡p-änbpw tZhm-e-b-¯n ImW-s¸-Sp-¶p. {]mÀ°-\m-]o-T-¯nsâ Ccp-h-i-I-§-fnepw BteJ\w sNbvXn-«pÅ Nn{X-§Ä ImgvN-¡msc Gsd BIÀjn-¨p -sIm-­n-cn-¡p-¶p. acw-sIm­v ]Wn-Xn-«pÅ Cu t]S-I-¯nsâ hmXn-ep-I-fn Xmt¡mte´n \nev¡p¶ hnip² ]t{Xmkv ÇolmbpsSbpw kphn-ti-j-¯nsâ {]Xo-I-amb Npg-änb hmtf-s´nb hn. ]utemkv Çolm-bp-sSbpw cq]-§Ä sIm¯n-bn-«p-­v. t]S-I-¯nsâ hi-§-fn {InkvXphnsâ IjvSm\p`hs¯ A\p-kva-cn-¸n-¡p¶ hn[-¯n-epÅ c­p Nn{X§fp­v.